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THE ARCHAEO+MALACOLOGY GROUP NEWSLETTER Issue Number 15, June 2009
Coordinator: Janet Ridout-Sharpe,
BSc ARCS
Editorial With this issue, the AMG Newsletter approaches global coverage with contributions from both eastern and western hemispheres. Kat Szabó’s research brief about her work on early worked shell in Southeast Asia opens new perspectives in archaeomalacology, particularly with regard to methodological and taphonomic issues. Hopefully, this will encourage others to describe their own fields of research in this and other parts of the world, leading to some mutually beneficial exchanges. I look forward to hearing from you! Henk Mienis is a regular contributor to this newsletter and in this issue he and Burçin Gümüs discuss the occurrence of Papillifera bidens in North Africa, where it is believed to have been introduced in antiquity. Henk also describes the presence of another Italian clausiliid in the Roman amphitheatre at Nîmes, France, and provides us with some archaeomalacological data from prehistoric sites in Israel. This issue concludes with abstracts and reviews, and the first announcement of the archaeomalacology session to be held at the next ICAZ conference in Paris in August 2010. Please send
all items (articles, news, reviews, anything archaeomalacological) for
the next newsletter to me at the above email address by mid-December 2009.
Thanks are due, as always, to Kat Szabó of the ICAZ Archaeomalacology
Working Group and to Aydin Örstan for posting this newsletter on
their respective websites at http://triton.anu.edu.au/
and http://home.earthlink.net/~aydinslibrary/AMGnews.htm,
and to all this issue’s contributors. (JRS) RESEARCH
BRIEF “As I see it, the situation repeats the ancient history of the Homo diluvii testis controversy. As in those days, when no one would get down to bed-rock & study anatomy, so now no one will ascertain the true facts of the dynamical geology of flaking. The explanation of this anomalous situation in science is not far to seek. The study of the dynamical geology of flaking is, in itself, purely geological & mineralogical, whereas its practical import - its theoretical application - is as exclusively archaeological. Thus the vital problem (the reliable recognition of the human industry) upon which the major conclusions of prehistory depend falls between two stools, & no one will touch it. The result of which is that prehistory is building a superstructure of castles-in-Spain before it has got in a scientific foundation to build upon.” Warren (n.d.) in O’Connor (2003:258) on the ‘eolith debate’. Pleistocene Southeast Asia and Greater Australia* are not renowned for the complex stone tool technologies witnessed in association with either Homo erectus or early modern Homo sapiens. Indeed, the apparent simplicity and unchanging nature of regional lithic technologies has prompted hypotheses proposing the dominance of non-lithic raw materials; particularly bamboo (e.g. Pope, 1989; Mellars, 2006). Regional ethnographic analogy would indeed suggest the centrality of plant materials such as bamboo and rattan in tool production, but accessing such technologies archaeologically presents clear difficulties. This is the backdrop against which the identification of a range of shell artefacts from 32,000 to 28,000 bp deposits at Golo Cave in the northern Moluccas, eastern Indonesia (see Szabó, Brumm and Bellwood, 2007), acquires considerable regional significance. For the first time, we had a clear view of the potential importance and complexity of non-lithic technologies relative to associated lithic technologies. Whilst not wanting to either restate information from previously published papers (Szabó, Brumm and Bellwood, 2007; Szabó, 2008), or pre-empt results currently in press (Szabó, in press), the worked shell from the lowest cultural levels at Golo Cave is of four different types. These are circumferentially-knapped opercula of the large Green Snail (Turbo marmoratus), Turbo marmoratus shells with the aperture and apex reduced through fine chipping, cut fragments of the Chambered Nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) and small limpets (Patella flexuosa) with clear signs of edge-rounding around part of the margin. Collectively then, not only are diverse raw materials represented – each being sourced from a different habitat – but also diverse methods of reduction, including direct percussion, secondary percussion or pressure flaking, and cutting. In addition, some artefacts represent re-used midden refuse (Patella flexuosa), while some have no potential subsistence value at all (the pelagic Nautilus pompilius where only empty shells wash ashore). In short, at the time of the initial utilisation of Golo Cave shells were used as raw materials in diverse ways, employing a range of working techniques for which there is currently no local corollary in stone. These findings, together with asserted Homo erectus shell tool use in western Indonesia (Choi and Driwantoro, 2007), are prompting us to rethink our analytical and interpretative presuppositions with regards to material culture in Island Southeast Asia. However, upon delving into the area of identifying and interpreting early shell-working, one quickly finds oneself teetering at the brink of a methodological chasm. ‘Shell’ is a complex and variable raw material; indeed, as a conceptual technological category it has very little utility. Different taxa lay down calcium carbonate in a variety of different microstructural types and combinations which respond in dissimilar ways to force and taphonomic processes. This variability is compounded by different solutions to the demands of life on the mollusc, such as withstanding the attacks of predators, which are often solved at the macrostructural level through sculpture, thickness, particular modes of fracture under pressure and shell/valve inflation. At present, it is very difficult to make an effective argument for ancient shell-working given the absence of appropriate general criteria and a fundamental lack of understanding about the nature of shell (or indeed shells) as a raw material. How do we convincingly distinguish between a shell that was dropped or stood on versus one that was deliberately modified through human action? When is it appropriate (if at all) to transfer experimental work with one species to interpretation of another (e.g. Choi and Driwantoro, 2007)? How far are ‘common-sense interpretations’ sensical? These questions are reminiscent of those that underpinned the ‘eolith’ debate of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. How does one firmly distinguish between natural and cultural modifications? As alluded to in the quote [written c.1905] from the geologist Samuel Hazzledine Warren prefacing this commentary, the answers cannot be found in any one scientific discipline, but rather in the spaces between many. With regards to molluscan shell, such disciplines include evolutionary and functional biology, crystallography and biomineralisation studies, biogeochemistry and palaeontology. The various manifestations of natural and cultural processes must be understood on their own terms in order for us to effectively distinguish between them and generate a narrative about the human past. Going back to basics on the identification and interpretation of shell-working is of particular importance to the ‘eastern hemisphere’, where the nature of the stone tool record and invisibility of the organic tool record have largely seen it at the periphery of evolutionary discussions. Over the course of the next five years, I will be investigating twelve tropical Indo-Pacific species which we either know or suspect were key raw materials. These include Trochus niloticus, Turbo marmoratus, Patella flexuosa, Conus litteratus and/or Conus leopardus, Melo broderipii, Nassarius pullus and/or Nassarius globosus, Batissa violacea, Polymesoda erosa, Pinctada maxima and/or Pinctada margaritifera and Tridacna spp. Fracture mechanics and responses to various types of forces, the nature of structural decay over time, responses to burning, and taphonomic patterns related to natural habitats (such as littoral environments) will all be investigated, along with experimental working based on ethnographic and archaeological information. The shell evidence from Golo Cave already hints at diversity with regards to raw material choice, working techniques, and tool function. It is hoped that this research will start to map this diversity and provide a base-line for interpreting worked and putatively-worked shell from tropical Indo-Pacific sites. If there are others out there from various corners of the world looking at similar issues, I’d be really interested in hearing more about your research. *Greater Australia, or Sahul, is the combined landmasses of the Australian continent and island of New Guinea which were joined by a landbridge in times of lower sea levels. References Records
of the Papillifera bidens-complex from ancient sites in North
Africa During the past five years considerable attention has been given to the presence of Papillifera bidens (Linnaeus, 1758) outside the natural distribution range of this terrestrial snail in Italy, including its offshore islands and Malta (Ridout-Sharpe, 2005, 2007 and 2008; Örstan, 2006; Gümüs, 2006; Menez, 2007; Mienis and Gümüs, 2007; Dance, 2008). Most of these extra-territorial records were from either archaeological sites or historic buildings. In addition, the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature has finally made an end to the ongoing discussion as to whether the correct name for this species should be Papillifera bidens (Linnaeus, 1758) or P. papillaris (Müller, 1774) by rejecting the application for a conserved status of the latter name (Anonymous, 2007). Although Giusti (1973) and Giusti et al. (1995) have pointed out that it is almost impossible to differentiate between the more-or-less smooth shells of P. bidens bidens and the ribbed shells of P. bidens affinis (Philippi, 1836) [=virgata (Rossmässler, 1836)] because of the presence of numerous intermediate forms, we follow Falkner et al. (2002) and recognise within the bidens-complex two subspecies which seem to have a different anthropogenic distribution with populations of the nominal subspecies mainly in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean (Croatia, Albania, Greece and Turkey) and populations of P. bidens affinis in the Western Mediterranean (France and Spain). This globetrotting clausiliid species has also been recorded from several North African localities. In this study we have reviewed the literature and some samples of specimens in the National Mollusc Collection of the Hebrew University (HUJ) in order to re-evaluate the presence of the P. bidens complex in North Africa. Morocco Algeria Studied
material: Tunisia Letourneux and Bourguignat (1887: 114) raised the variety virgata to full species and recorded it again from the same ancient site of Utica, but mentioned it also from rocks near Porto Farina (=the ancient port of Utica), and the hills near Carthage and El-Aouina (just west of Carthage). Clausilia bidens was recorded by them only from among rocks near Carthage while referring to Bourguignat, 1867 (which should be 1868). Pallary (1927: 246, plt. 4, fig. 11) described Clausilia virgata var. tabarkana from the 'Ile de Tabarka', where this taxon had been collected by Blanc. A study of paratypes present in the HUJ collection showed that it is identical with Papillifera bidens affinis. All the Tunisian finds and those elsewhere in North Africa were mapped by Sacchi (1955: 70, fig. 5). All these records should be considered of historic, more particularly of Phoenician, Roman or Arab, origin (Sacchi, 1955: 69). Recently Ridout-Sharpe (2008: 7) confirmed the presence of Papillifera bidens at Carthage. Studied
material:
Conclusion We agree with Sacchi (1955) that it has to be considered an introduced species in North Africa. The nominate subspecies P. bidens bidens appears to be restricted to the Roman ruins in Carthage, Tunisia, while P. bidens affinis is more commonly encountered among coastal Phoenician, Roman and ancient Arab ruins in Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The subspecific identity of the records of Papillifera from Morocco remain unknown. References
Leucostigma
candidescens in the Roman amphitheatre of Nîmes, France The terrestrial clausiliid snail Leucostigma candidescens (Rossmässler, 1835) [syn. L. leucostigma (Rossmässler, 1836)] is restricted in its distribution to several regions in Central Italy: Le Marche, Umbria, Lazio, Abruzzo and Campania, including two offshore islands: Capri and Li Galli (Alzona, 1971). This species is represented in the National Mollusc Collection of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ) by 36 samples from its natural range in Italy: Le
Marche: Ascoli Piceno (HUJ 52294/5 and 52307/5). In addition, the collection includes two samples of L. candidescens from outside its natural distribution area. One is also from Italy: Puglia (=Apulia): Gargano (HUJ 52316/14). This sample was identified originally as Clausilia allyphanta Monterosato and later on as Clausilia inopinata Monterosato and was registered in Coen's collection as Papillifera inopinata Monterosato types. Under that name it was also listed in his printed catalogue (Coen, 1945: 41). However, these names were never validly described by Monterosato. Unfortunately any additional information concerning a more exact locality is missing. However, I do not rule out the possibility that this species is indeed living somewhere among the numerous ancient buildings in the area of Gargano. The most interesting sample comes, however, from France, from the Roman amphitheatre at Nîmes, (HUJ 52289/3, ex-coll. Peile/Blok). This amphitheatre, usually called the Arena (les Arènes), was built during the mid 1st-century AD. At some time the arena was filled with medieval housing, while the walls served as ramparts. In the time of Napoleon the original form of the amphitheatre was restored, but in 1863 it was remodelled into a bullring. It is considered the best preserved Roman arena in France and it is still regularly used for concerts and bullfights. The first record of L. candidescens from the amphitheatre dates back to Coutagne (1908), who collected this species in the arena in large numbers on 3 November 1903. Additional information was provided by Margier (1910a, 1910b). Interestingly this species was not mentioned by Germain (1930) in his monograph of the land- and freshwater molluscs of France. This introduction, most likely dating back to the time when the amphitheatre was built with stones quarried in the Central Apennines, was again mentioned in a footnote by Sacchi (1955). Falkner et al. (2002) provided some information concerning recent observations. They also mentioned that, according to Hartmut Nordsieck (pers. com.), Clausilia mongermonti Bourguignat, 1877 described from St. Jean de Maurienne in Savoie, France (Bourguignat, 1876-1877), has to be considered a junior synonym of L. candidescens. It has, however, not been reported again from that locality. Bertrand (2004) listed it among the introduced molluscs recorded for the malacofauna of Languedoc-Rousillon. Finally, Prié and Gargominy (2009) have provided some up-to-date information concerning the presence of this clausiliid species in Nîmes. From their excellent colour photographs and likewise the material in the HUJ collection, it is clear that the specimens living in the Roman amphitheatre belong to the dark-brown colour form with clear white spots below the suture which has been described as C. leucostigma Rossmässler, 1836. Prié and Gargominy (2009) have recommended reducing the use of herbicides for the control of plants growing in the cracks and fissures between the stones in the amphitheatre. In this way they hope to protect the presence of this ancient introduction, which has already survived for almost 2000 years at this site. References
A revised list of the archaeomalacological material is therefore given in this additional report. Shells
recovered during the excavation of the Pottery Neolithic site of Ziqim Gastropoda Family Cassidae Family Ranellidae Family Hygromiidae Family Helicidae *Theba
pisana (Müller, 1774) Scaphopoda Bivalvia Glycymeris
glycymeris pilosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Glycymeris
insubrica (Brocchi, 1814) Family Ostreidae Family Cardiidae Cerastoderma
glaucum (Poiret, 1789) Family Donacidae Remarks
The three land snails are still living near the site today and might even be of recent origin. According to their state of preservation, most of the Mediterranean species were probably collected on the beach as empty shells. However, the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum was most likely collected in the estuary of Nahal Shiqma. Cerastoderma glaucum is a brackish water species which is often encountered in large numbers in or near the mouth of rivers. All the cockles encountered at Ziqim give the impression that they were collected alive and were most probably exploited as food. A small number of the Mediterranean species (Antalis inaequicostata, Glycymeris insubrica and Cerastoderma glaucum) and the single species from the Red Sea (Conomurex fasciatus) might have been used as shell beads or pendants. Reference
Shells
from Khirbat el-'Asfura (B), an Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah) site near
Kibbutz Hafez Hayyim, Israel In August 2004 Dr Edwin van den Brink carried out an excavation at Khirbat el-'Asfura (B), a site near Kibbutz Hafez Hayyim, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (Permit No. A-4231) (van den Brink, 2006). The site turned out to date back to the Early Chalcolithic period (Wadi Rabah). Among the archaeozoological items found during the excavation were a few remains of shells. This archaeomalacological material is dealt with in this report. Material Results Family Glycymerididae Family Cardiidae Discussion
and Conclusion Both are common species found throughout the Mediterranean Sea and all along the Levant coasts. The nearest place to find such shells today is situated only 14 km west of the site near Hafez Hayyim. According to the state of preservation of these shells, they were collected as empty shells on the beach. All the shells which retained the umbonal part (3 Glycymeris insubrica and 2 Acanthocardia tuberculata) showed a man-made hole in the umbo. This can be interpreted as a sign that these valves had been used most probably as either a personal pendant or another form of ornamentation. Acknowledgement Reference ABSTRACTS Colonese,
A.C. and Martini, F., 2007. Molluschi terrestri e disturbi antropici:
evidenze epigravettiane a Grotta del Romito (Cosenza). [Terrestrial molluscs
and anthropic disturbance: Epigravettian evidence at Grotta del Romito
(Cosenza.] Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana (Roma), 96 (2005-2007):
1-15. Colonese,
A.C., Troelstra, S., Ziveri, P., Martini, F., Lo Vetro, D. and Tommasini,
S., in press. Mesolithic shellfish exploitation in SW Italy: seasonal
evidence from oxygen isotopic composition of Osilinus turbinatus
shells. Journal of Archaeological Science. (doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.021)
Colonese,
A.C., Zanchetta, G., Fallick, A.E., Martini, F., Manganelli, G. and Lo
Vetro, D., 2007. Stable isotope composition of Late Glacial land snail
shells from Grotta del Romito (Southern Italy): palaeoclimatic implications.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254 (3-4):
550-560. (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.07.005) Dupont,
C. and Marchand, G., 2008. Coastal exploitation in the Mesolithic of western
France: la Pointe Saint-Gildas (Préfailles). Environmental
Archaeology, 13 (2): 143-152. [Mienis,
H.K.], 2008. [Shells.] In: Tal, O. and Taxel, I., Ramla (South): an early
Islamic industrial site and remains of previous periods. Salvage Excavation
Reports, 5: 203-204. Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler
Institute of Archaeology. Mienis,
H.K., 2009. Shells and crabs. In: Gadot, Y. and Yadin, E. (eds), Aphek-Antipatris
II. The remains on the acropolis: the Moshe Kochavi and Pirhiya Beck excavations.
Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology. (Emery and Claire Yass
Publications in Archaeology.) pp. 562-568. Mienis,
H.K., 2009. 13. A report concerning the shells from the excavation of
H. Shallale. In: Dar, S. (ed.), Shallale – ancient city of Carmel.
Oxford, Archaeopress. (BAR International Series, 1897.) pp. 421-426. Mienis,
H.K., 2009. 14. Terrestrial snails from a burial cave in Nahal Oren near
H. Shallale. In: Dar, S. (ed.), Shallale – ancient city of Carmel.
Oxford, Archaeopress. (BAR International Series, 1897.) pp. 427-428. BOOKS Two British Archaeological Reports (BAR) have recently been published on aspects of archaeomalacology. These Reports are available from Oxbow Books – visit their website at www.oxbowbooks.com, email: oxbow@oxbowbooks.com. Laurie, E.M., 2008. Investigation of the Common Cockle: collection practices at the kitchen midden sites of Norsminde and Krabbesholm, Denmark. Oxford, Archaeopress. (BAR, 1834.) 304 pp. ISBN 9781407303185, pbk £47.00. The aim of this investigation was to determine to what extent the exploitation of cockles changed across the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Denmark. The following three research questions were addressed: to what extent did shellfish consumption change through time; what is the evidence for changing cockle exploitation through time; and were there any seasonal patterns in the exploitation of cockles? After the introduction in Chapter 1, the first part of Chapter 2 briefly explores the relationships between people and marine molluscs in the past, and then looks at the morphology, physiology, behaviour and general biology of the Common Cockle (Cerastoderma edule), including a historical review of growth line research. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the methodology used in this study, including the selection and preparation of both modern and archaeological shells for comparison. The Danish midden sites of Norsminde and Krabbesholm are described in Chapter 5, and the results of the analysis of cockles excavated from these sites are presented in Chapter 6. The final two Chapters (7 and 8) discuss these results in relation to the questions posed in Chapter 1, and suggest further avenues for research. Whereas the site at Norsminde showed a relatively straightforward Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, the evidence from Krabbesholm showed a more complex transition with Mesolithic practices continuing into the Neolithic. It is concluded that all sites are different, and the results obtained from one midden site cannot necessarily be applied to other, apparently similar, sites in the same region and archaeological time span. The ten appendices provide useful data for researchers in this area of study: a full catalogue of modern cockle collections in Great Britain (Essex, Lincolnshire, Scotland and Wales) including shell measurements and age and growth line counts; a catalogue of archaeological material containing the same information; a catalogue of modern cockle acetate peels and growth lines; a similar catalogue of archaeological cockle acetate peels; modern and archaeological cockle age and size data percentage conversion tables; Norsminde and Krabbesholm bag lists from which cockle samples were obtained; Norsminde C14 dates; full cockle and oyster seasonality, age and size comparison figures for Norsminde and Krabbesholm; and a species list. (JRS) Antczak, A. and Cipriani, R. (eds), 2008. Early human impact on megamolluscs. Oxford, Archaeopress. (BAR, 1865.) 254 pp., ISBN 9781407303482, pbk £41.00. This volume presents 19 papers from an international workshop on the Early Human Impact on Megamolluscs (EHIM), held at Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, on 26-28 September 2005. This workshop explored a range of issues related to human exploitation of molluscs in the past. The papers are global in scope and aim to provide a synthesis of recent research in this subject area, looking at man and mollusc interactions from environmental, bioecological and sociocultural perspectives. Following an introductory chapter by the editors, there are 17 chapters presenting papers relating to specific geographical areas and/or species. The location of the workshop is reflected in a relatively large proportion of contributions from the Americas (9), but Europe and the Mediterranean (4), Asia (2), the Pacific (1) and South Africa (1) are also represented. Three papers describe studies in North America: ‘Trends and strategies in shellfish gathering on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America’ (Aubrey Cannon, Meghan Burchell and Rhoda Bathurst); ‘Human exploitation of the Quahog Mercenaria mercenaria in eastern North America: historical patterns and controls’ (Harold B. Rollins, Robert S. Prezant and Ronald B. Toll); and ‘Shell symbolism in pre-Columbian North America’ (Cheryl Claassen). Central and northern South America are covered by four papers: ‘Shellfish use in pre-Columbian Panama’ (Diana Rocio Carvajal Contreras); ‘Qualitative effects of pre-Hispanic harvesting on Queen Conch: the tale of a structured matrix model’ (Roberto Cipriani and Andrzej Antczak); ‘A history of human impact on the Queen Conch (Strombus gigas) in Venezuela’ (Andrzej Antczak, Juan M. Posada, Diego Schapira, Ma. Magdalena Antczak, Roberto Cipriani and Irene Amarilis Montano); and ‘Between food and symbol: the role of marine molluscs in the late pre-Hispanic north-central Venezuela’ (Ma. Magdalena Antczak and Andrzej Antczak). Geographically further south we find: ‘A recipe for a sambaqui: considerations on Brazilian shell mound composition and building’ (Levy Figuti) and ‘Exploitation of Loco, Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda: Muricidae), during the Holocene of Norte Semiarido, Chile’ (Pedro Baez R. and Donald Jackson S.). Europe and the Mediterranean are represented by papers on: ‘Molluscan archives from European prehistory’ (Geoff Bailey and Nicky Milner); ‘Shell middens (“Kkenmdinger”): the Danish evidence’ (Sen H. Andersen); ‘Marine molluscs in Danish Stone Age middens: a case study on Krabbesholm II’ (Nina Nielsen); and ‘Mediterranean, Red Sea and Nilotic shell artefacts in the Levant: indicators of trade routes in the Bronze Age’ (Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer). The remaining
papers, representing the rest of the world, are: ‘Limpet sizes in Stone
Age archaeological contexts at the Cape, South Africa: changing environment
or human impact?’ (John Parkinton); ‘Archaeomalacological research in
India with special reference to early historic exploitation of the Sacred
Conch Shell (Turbinella pyrum) in Western Deccan’ (Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee);
‘Palaeobiomass estimation and collecting pressure on molluscs in Japan’
(Hiroko Koike); and ‘From prehistoric to present: Giant Clam (Tridacnidae)
use in Papua New Guinea’ (Jeff Kinch). The final chapter draws the volume
to a suitable conclusion: ‘The study of ancient human-mollusc interactions
as an interdisciplinary challenge’ (Roberto Cipriani, Andrzej Antczak
and Ma. Magdalena Antczak). (JRS) Conferences: ICAZ 2010 and archaeomalacology update The next conference of the International Council for Archaezoology (ICAZ) will be held 23-28 August 2010 in Paris, hosted by the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle and Université P. et M. Curie (Paris VI). The previous two ICAZ conferences (Mexico City and Durham) have had dedicated archaeomalacology sessions, and the Paris meeting will continue this trend. Sessions and timetabling are still to be finalised, but the current working model for archaeomalacology is a full-day session broken down into three sub-sessions. Different people will take responsibility for the various sub-sessions, with me taking responsibility for overall session co-ordination. The sub-sessions and organisers are as follows: • Acquisition
and use of shell raw materials in prehistory • Shell
middens and shells as a food resource • Shells
as indicators of palaeoenvironment, site formation and transformation When details
are finalised, a call for papers will be issued. In the interim, information
about the ICAZ 2010 conference can be found at the conference website:
http://www.alexandriaarchive.org/icaz/ICAZ2010/ICAZ%202010%20-%20home%20page.htm
(Kat Szabó)
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